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        <span>Relationship between climate change and soil salinity</span>
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              Climate change, which is not only altering weather patterns but
              also accelerating sea-level, is a major precursor for change in
              soil salinity. For instance, climate change in terms of increase
              in mean temperature causes an increase in evaporation, change in
              rainfall patterns, vegetation cover change, and sea-level rise.
              These parameters in turn increase or decrease water availability,
              causing flooding or poor drainage respectively, both of which are
              key factors contributing to soil salinity. The detailed factors of
              soil salinization and their relations to climate changes are
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              The main processes of soil salinization caused by these factors
              are as follows:
              <br />
              <strong>Sea-level rise</strong>，which is ultimately reflected in
              the coastline change, has become a common phenomenon globally. Sea
              level fluctuations can be caused by a variety of geophysical
              factors but in recent years global warming is a significant
              factor, which leads to the melting of glacial ice and thermal
              expansion of water in oceans. Besides, relative sea level rise is
              derived from the combined effect of eustatic sea-level and land
              subsidence, driven by land type and reduced sediment buildup
              within the delta.
              <br />
              Moreover, sea-level rise can influence storm surges that flood the
              aquifers in low-lying coastal areas with seawater. Sea-level rise
              causes saltwater intrusion, an increase in the water table, and
              inundation of low lands, which are major causes of soil salinity
              in the coastal region.
              <br />
              <strong>Surface temperature</strong>is increasing due to an
              increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The
              temperature increment is also one of the factors contributing to
              the sea-level rise due to the melting of perennially frozen snow
              cover and glaciers. An increase in temperature has also increased
              evaporation and decreased precipitation, which leads to the
              accumulation of salts in the surface soil and the salts are
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              not leached through internal drainage into the subsoil. Besides,
              temperature increase can also enhance the risk of extreme
              precipitation and flooding.
              <br />
              <strong>Vegetation cover change</strong> is a comprehensive
              indicator of climate changes. For instance, temperature and
              precipitation can affect the vegetation cover. On the other hand,
              salinity significantly affects soil quality and vegetation growth,
              and declining vegetation cover alters the equilibrium of the
              groundwater table and contributes to exposure of soils to salts
              further.
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